Raw capture
DIRD 30 DIRD Aneutronic Fusion Propulsion
==> picture [70 x 68] intentionally omitted <==
==> picture [102 x 18] intentionally omitted <==
==> picture [535 x 51] intentionally omitted <==
| Chapter1:Theory..............................................................,.....................................1 |
|---|
| RocketPropulsion•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 1 |
| ComparisonofSpecificImpulseforVariousRocketDesigns..............................5 |
| RadiationShieldi ng •••...•....•.••••.•....•••......•..••..•....••••.•.......•................••.........•...... 6 |
| SubatomicParticleMass,Velocity,andEnergy..................................................9 |
| NuclearFissionRockets•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••10 |
| Chapter2:NuclearFusionRocketDesign............................................................13 |
| ClassicNuclearFusionSchemes•.••••..•.•••.•..••..•••.••.•.•.••..•.•••.•••••...••••.••••••••••••••••13 |
| FusionInitiationMethods.................................................................................14 |
| GravitationalConfinement 16 |
| MagneticConfinementFusion(MCF)................................................................16 |
| InertialConfinementFusion(ICF)•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••16 |
| Muon-CatalyzedFusion.........................................................................................17 |
| Cavitation(Bubble)Fusion•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••17 |
| RocketDesignUsingfusionEnergy.................................................................17 |
| Chapter3:AneutronicNuclearFusionSchemes..................................................18 |
| Chapter4:AntimatterPropulsion........................................................................20 |
| Chapter5:AneutronicFusionPropulsionProjects•••.•••••••..•••••••••••••••.••••••.••..•.••..•21 |
| NuclearPulsePropulsion.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.••••••••••••••••.••••.•••••••••••.•••••21 |
| OtherAneutronicRocketDesigns••••••••••.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••22 |
| CommercialDevelopment....II•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••22 |
| Chapter6:SpeculationonResearchNeedsOvertheNext30Years.....................25 |
| SurfacetoLow-EarthOrbit(100miles) 26 |
| LEOtoMars(34to249millionmiles)..............................................................27 |
| ii |
| LEOtotheMoonsofJupiterandSaturn(460to940millionmiles)..................28 |
|---|
| LEOtoAlphaCentauri(4.22light-yearsor24.8trillionmiles)..........................28 |
| Chapter7:Conclusions•••••••••••a•••••••••••••a•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••a••••••••29 |
| AppendixA:RelativisticRockets..........................................................................30 |
| AppendixB:AneutronicFusionRocket••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••32 |
| AppendixC:AntimatterAnnihilationRocket........................................................36 |
| AppendixD:RelativisticRocketWorksheet.........................................................38 |
| AppendixE:Endnotes.•••.••••••.••..•••••••••.••••••••••••••••••..•.•••••• 11••••••••••••••••all•••••••••••••••••41 |
| Figures |
| Figure1.Liquid-FueledChemicalRocket........................................................vi |
| Figure2.MassRatioIncreasesasObjectsApproachSpeedofLight................2 |
| Figure3.SphericalRadiationShieldSurroundingPointSource.......................8 |
| Figure4.NuclearFissionRocketDesign••••.•••••••••••.••.•••••••.•••••••..•••••••.•••••••••••11 |
| Figure5.SchematicDesignofaMagnetohydrodynamic(MHD)Generator•.•..13 |
| Figure6.NuclearFusionofDeuteriumandTritium.......................................14 |
| Figure7.Low-TemperatureFusionReactions••••••••••••••••.•.•.•••••.•••••••••••••••••••••15 |
| Figure8.FusionIgnitionEnergiesforD-T,D-D,andD-He3••••••.••••.••..•.•.•••.••.15 |
| Figure9.AneutronicFusionSchemes••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••18 |
| Figure10.FusionofHydrogen-landBoron-l1Produces3AlphaParticles••19 |
| Figure11.QEDRocketDesign•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••23 |
| Figure12.TimeDilationatRelativisticVelocities..........................................31 |
| Figure13.MaximumAchievableVeloCityVersusFuelUsage.........................33 |
| Figure14..AccelerationandRocket·'ClocklfRatioVsMissionTimeonEarth•.33 |
| Figure15.SpreadsheetforSampleMissiontoAlphaCentauri........................34 |
| Figure16.AntihydrogenAtom••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••36 |
==> picture [97 x 58] intentionally omitted <==
==> picture [122 x 184] intentionally omitted <==
==> picture [269 x 28] intentionally omitted <==
==> picture [268 x 18] intentionally omitted <==
==> picture [268 x 25] intentionally omitted <==
==> picture [396 x 293] intentionally omitted <==
==> picture [127 x 32] intentionally omitted <==
==> picture [29 x 10] intentionally omitted <==
| EngineType | Ve(m/s) | Isp(5) |
|---|---|---|
| Saturn V Rocket, 2nd and 3rd Stages | 4,130 | 421 |
| LH2/LOXLiquid Fuel | ||
| Solid Rocket | 2500 | 255 |
| Best Chemical Rocket Tested | 5,320 | 542 |
| Fl/Li/HzChemica I Rocket | ||
| Nuclear Thermal Rocket | 8,340 | 850 |
| IonThruster | 29000 | 3000 |
| VASIMR | 290000 | 30000 |
==> picture [304 x 67] intentionally omitted <==
==> picture [304 x 24] intentionally omitted <==
==> picture [303 x 26] intentionally omitted <==
==> picture [118 x 13] intentionally omitted <==
==> picture [34 x 9] intentionally omitted <==
==> picture [311 x 30] intentionally omitted <==
==> picture [108 x 15] intentionally omitted <==
==> picture [35 x 10] intentionally omitted <==
==> picture [345 x 81] intentionally omitted <==
==> picture [345 x 116] intentionally omitted <==
==> picture [293 x 12] intentionally omitted <==
| SubatomicParticle | ParticleName | Mass(amu) |
|---|---|---|
| a | alpha | 4.001506 |
| a | beta | 0.000549 |
| f1 | neutron | 1.008665 |
| p | proton | 1.007276 |
| D | deuterium | 2.014102 |
| T | tritium | 3.016049 |
| U-235 | uranium | 235.0439 |
==> picture [100 x 64] intentionally omitted <==
==> picture [114 x 193] intentionally omitted <==
==> picture [304 x 14] intentionally omitted <==
==> picture [269 x 19] intentionally omitted <==
==> picture [275 x 190] intentionally omitted <==
==> picture [80 x 83] intentionally omitted <==
==> picture [198 x 11] intentionally omitted <==
==> picture [204 x 10] intentionally omitted <==
==> picture [198 x 11] intentionally omitted <==
==> picture [204 x 11] intentionally omitted <==
==> picture [298 x 227] intentionally omitted <==
==> picture [284 x 131] intentionally omitted <==
==> picture [79 x 11] intentionally omitted <==
==> picture [144 x 261] intentionally omitted <==
==> picture [78 x 39] intentionally omitted <==
==> picture [29 x 11] intentionally omitted <==
==> picture [303 x 28] intentionally omitted <==
==> picture [372 x 87] intentionally omitted <==
==> picture [166 x 51] intentionally omitted <==
==> picture [30 x 11] intentionally omitted <==
==> picture [367 x 240] intentionally omitted <==
==> picture [303 x 24] intentionally omitted <==
==> picture [310 x 30] intentionally omitted <==
==> picture [310 x 60] intentionally omitted <==
==> picture [310 x 33] intentionally omitted <==
==> picture [326 x 241] intentionally omitted <==
==> picture [420 x 228] intentionally omitted <==
==> picture [426 x 293] intentionally omitted <==
| Table3:SpecificImpulseforSelectedDrives | Table3:SpecificImpulseforSelectedDrives | Table3:SpecificImpulseforSelectedDrives | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Specific ImpulseforSelected Drives | |||
| Isp/t | Isp (sec) | ||
| Chemical Rocket(Stages_2,31 _SaturnV) | 0.000014 | 421 | |
| Hall Effect Ion Drive | 0.000082 | 2,500 | |
| VASIMR IonDrive | 0.000196 | 6,000 | |
| Nuclear Fission Drive | 0.040000 | 1,223,242 | |
| BussardAneutronic Fusion Drive | 0.000196 | 6,000 | |
| IdealFusionDrive(p -->He) | 0.119000 | 3,639,144 | |
| Antimatter, proton/antiproton | 0.600000 | 18,348,624 | |
| Antimatter,electron/positron | 1.000000 | 30,581,040 |
==> picture [261 x 167] intentionally omitted <==
==> picture [47 x 13] intentionally omitted <==
==> picture [92 x 42] intentionally omitted <==
==> picture [151 x 51] intentionally omitted <==
==> picture [84 x 9] intentionally omitted <==
==> picture [329 x 84] intentionally omitted <==
==> picture [168 x 6] intentionally omitted <==